Persian embroidery

Persian Arts Visual Arts Painting Miniatures Decorative Arts Jewellery Embroidery Motifs Tileworks Handicrafts Pottery Literature Literature Mythology Folklore Other Architecture Cuisine Carpets Gardens Performance Arts Dance Music Cinema Persian embroidery is one of the many forms of the multi-faceted Persian arts. The motifs used in the Persian embroidery are mostly floral, especial Persian figures, animals, and patterns related to hunting. The Persian embroidered women's trouserings have rich patterns. They were very much in vogue up till the end of the 18th century. With a survival of Victorian modesty, these are usually known as "Gilets Persans". The designs are always of diagonal parallel bands filled with close floral ornamentation and are very effective. HistorySassanid era We know that the Persian embroidery existed from the ancient times and at least from the time of the Sassanids. Numerous designs are visible on the dresses of the personages on the rock-sculptures and silverware of that period, and have been classified by Professor Ernst Herzfeld. Also the patterns on the coat of Chosroes II at Taq-e Bostan are in such high relief that they may represent embroidery. Roundels, confronted animals and other familiar motives of Sassanid art were doubtless employed. It is probable that the famous Garden Carpet of Chosroes II was a piece of embroidery. Later The Persian embroideries we posses of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are almost exclusively divan-coverings or ceremonial cloth for present-trays, while in the eighteenth century and later we have the addition of rugs for the bathing-rooms, prayer-mats, and women's embroidered trousers, known as 'naghshe'. PeculiaritiesThe earlier embroideries of Iran are almost all of a type in which the entire ground is covered by the design, while the reverse is true, in the main, of the later pieces, in which the background of one plain colour is made to play its part equally with the varied silks of the needlework. The earlier pieces are almost all closely allied in design to one or other of the many types of carpets. They are worked chiefly in darning-stitch on cotton or loosely-woven linen, while occasionally examples in cross- or tent-stitch are met with. It is perhaps reasonable to assume that the more important class of work, that of carpet-weaving, supplied the original design and that the embroideress adopted it from a type familiar to her. Also it must be remembered that the carpet-weaving was mainly done by men, embroidery by women, so that members of the same family worked at both trades.

Iran jewellery

Persian Arts Visual Arts Painting Miniatures Decorative Arts Jewellery Embroidery Motifs Tileworks Handicrafts Pottery Literature Literature Mythology Folklore Other Architecture Cuisine Carpets Gardens Performance Arts Dance Music Cinema Iran (Persia) possesses an extraordinary treasure of royal jewelry, including a copious amount of mother-of-pearl from the Persian Gulf. The Koh-i-Noor diamond was one of the most precious jewels smuggled out of Iran and never recovered again. The Iranian crown jewels are in fact the by far largest, most dazzling and valuable jewel collection in the world. The jewels are displayed in the vaults of the Central Bank of Iran in Tehran, and are one of the most appealing tourist attractions in Iran.

Miniatures

A Persian miniature is a small painting, whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works. The techniques are broadly comparable to the Western and Byzantine traditions of miniatures in illuminated manuscripts, which probably had an influence on the origins of the Persian tradition. Although there is an equally well-established Persian tradition of wall-painting, the survival rate and state of preservation of miniatures is better, and miniatures are much the best-known form of Persian painting in the West. Miniature painting became a significant Persian form in the 13th century, and the highest point in the tradition was reached in the 15th and 16th centuries. The tradition continued, under some Western influence, after this, and has many modern exponents. The Persian miniature was the dominant influence on other Islamic miniature traditions, principally the Ottoman miniature in Turkey, and the Mughal miniature in the Indian sub-continent. The themes of Persian miniature are mostly related to Persian mythology and poetry. Western artists discovered the Persian miniature around the beginning of the 20th century. Persian miniatures uses pure geometry and a vivid palette. The allure of Persian miniature painting lies in its absorbing complexities and in the surprising way it speaks to large questions about the nature of art and the perception of its masterpieces. History of Persian miniaturesThe origin of the Persian miniature is difficult to trace. The art form reached its peak mainly during the Mongol and Timurid periods (13th-16th century), and was heavily influenced by Chinese paintings as the Mongol rulers of Persia brought with them numerous Chinese artisans to the court.[1] 1550 CE Persian miniature painting, depicting the Prophet Muhammad ascending on the Burak into the Heavens, a journey known as the MirajIn Ilkhanid and Timurid Mongol-Persian mythological miniatures, the mythical animals buraq and dragon was portrayed in a style reminiscent of the Chinese qilin and Chinese dragon, reflecting the Chinese background of painters who introduced watercolor techniques to Iran and initiated several medieval schools of Persian miniature painting. In fact, many religious paintings, including a famous one portraying the Prophet Muhammad's Miraj from the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem into the heavens, displays stylistic elements of undoubtedly Chinese origins. Islamic angels are depicted as wearing the tight robes of northern Chinese style. Persian miniature paintings of the Ilkhanid and Timurid periods, especially ones related to the Shahnameh stories, usually borrow landscape painting techniques from contemporary Chinese schools, developed during the Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty. Prominent Persian miniaturistsKamāl ud-Dīn Behzād Herawī: Leading miniaturist of the Timurid era, and founder of the Safavid school. Reza Abbasi: One of the most renowned Persian painters in the Safavid era. Hossein Behzad: Famous contemporary miniaturist Mahmoud Farshchian: Famous contemporary miniaturist

Iranian art

The Persian Fine ArtsThe Persian rug Main article: Persian carpet From the yarn fiber to the colors, every part of the Persian rug is traditionally hand made from natural ingredients over the course of many months.The art of carpet weaving in Iran has its roots in the culture and customs of its people and their instinctive feelings. Weavers mix elegant patterns with a myriad of colors. The Iranian carpet is similar to the Persian garden: full of florae, birds, and beasts. The colors are usually made from wild flowers, and are rich in colors such as burgundy, navy blue, and accents of ivory. The proto-fabric is often washed in tea to soften the texture, giving it a unique quality. Depending on where the rug is made, patterns and designs vary. And some rugs, such as Gabbeh, and Gelim have a variations in their textures and number of knots as well. The exceptional craftsmenship in weaving these carpets and silken textile thus caught the attention of the likes of Xuanzang, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, and Jean Chardin. In the words of Arthur Pope: "All around the world, Painting and miniature Main article: Persian miniature Oriental historian Basil Gray believes "Iran has offered a particularly unique [sic] art to the world which is excellent in its kind". Caves in Iran's Lorestan province exhibit painted imagery of animals and hunting scenes. Some such as those in Fars Province and Sialk are at least 5,000 years old. Painting in Iran is thought to have reached a climax during the Tamerlane era when outstanding masters such as Kamaleddin Behzad gave birth to a new style of painting. Paintings of the Qajar period, are a combination of European influences and Safavid miniature schools of painting such as those introduced by Reza Abbasi. Masters such as Kamal-ol-molk, further pushed forward the European influence in Iran. It was during the Qajar era when "Coffee House painting" emerged. Subjects of this style were often religious in nature depicting scenes from Shia epics and the like. Pottery and ceramics Main article: Iranian pottery Pottery Vessel, Fourth Millennium BC. The Sialk collection of Tehran's National Museum of Iran.Prominent archeologist Roman Ghirshman believes "the taste and talent of this people [Iranians] can be seen through the designs of their earthen wares". Of the thousands of archeological sites and historic ruins of Iran, almost every single one can be found to have been filled, at some point, with earthenware of exceptional quality. Thousands of unique vessels alone were found in Sialk and Jiroft sites. The occupation of the potter ("kuzeh gar") has a special place in Persian literature. Music Main article: Music of Iran During the course of Iran's recorded history, a unique distinctive music developed accompanied by numerous musical instruments, several of which came to be the first prototypes of some modern musical instruments of today. The earliest references to musicians in Iran are found in Susa and Elam in the 3rd millennium BC. Reliefs, sculptures, and mosaics such as those in Bishapur from periods of antiquity depict a vibrant musical culture. Persian traditional music in its contemporary form has its inception in the Naseri era, who ordered the opening of a "House of Crafts", where all master craftsmen would gather for designing instruments and practicing their art. Literature Iran is filled with tombs of poets and musicians, such as this one belonging to Rahi Mo'ayeri. An illustration of Iran's deep artistic heritage.Main article: Persian literature Persian literature is by far the most stalwart expression of the Iranian genius. While there are interesting works in prose, it is poetry where the Iranian literature shines at its most. Flourishing over a period of more than a millennium, it was esteemed and imitated well beyond the confines of the Iranian homeland. The literature of Turkey and India developed under its influence. Architecture Main article: Iranian architecture The architecture of Iran is one with an exceedingly ancient tradition and heritage. As Arthur Pope put it, "the meaningful Impact of Persian architecture is versatile. Not overwhelming but dignified, magnificent and impressive". Calligraphy Main article: Persian calligraphy Persian calligraphy has several styles. Seen here is a "shekasteh" style from a Safavid era manuscript. Says writer Will Durant: "Ancient Iranians with an alphabet of 36 letters, used skins and pen to write, Instead of ear-then tablets". Such was the creativity spent on the art of writing. The significance of the art of calligraphy in works of pottery, metallic vessels, and historic buildings is such that they are deemed lacking without the adorning decorative calligraphy. Illuminations, and especially the Quran and works such as the Shahnameh, Divan Hafez, Golestan, Bostan et al are recognized as highly invaluable because of their delicate calligraphy alone. Vast quantities of these are scattered and preserved in museums and private collections worldwide, such as the Hermitage Museum of St. Petersburg and Washington's Freer Gallery of Art among many others. A poster of abbas Kiarostami's Palme d'Or winning film, Taste of Cherry.Styles: Shekasteh Nasta'liq Naskh Mohaqqaq ... Tilework The tilework is a unique feature of the blue mosques of Isfahan. In the old days, Kashan (kash + an which literally means "land of tiles") and Tabriz were the two famous centers of Iranian mosaic and tile industry. Cinema Main article: Cinema of Iran With 300 international awards in the past 25 years, films from Iran continue to be celebrated worldwide. Perhaps the best known director is Abbas Kiarostami or most recently come to fame is Dena Darvish Derakhshan. Motifs An example of traditional "khatam-kari" Since centuries, Iranian art has developed particular patterns designed to decorate Iranian produced craft. These motifs can be : Inspired by ancestral nomad tribes (such as geometrical motifs used in kilims or gabbehs). Islam influenced, with an advanced geometrical research. Oriental based,also found un India or Pakistan. Metalworks (Qalam-zani) to be filled Khatam-kari Delicate and meticulous marquetry, produced since the Safavide period: at this time, khatam was so popular in the court that princes learned this technique at the same level of music or painting. In the 18th and 19th centuries, katahm declined, before being stimulated under the Reign of Reza Shah, with the creation of craft schools in Tehran, Isfahan, and Chiraz. "Khatam" means "incrustation", and "Khatam-kari", "incrustation work". This craft consists in the production of incrustation patterns (generally star shapped), with thin sticks of wood (ebony, teak, ziziphus, orange, rose), brass (for golden parts), camel bones (white parts). Ivory, gold or silver can also be used for collection objects. Sticks are assembled in trinagular beams, themselves assembeled and glued in a strict order to create a 70cm diameter cylinder, which section is the main motif: a six-branch star included in a hexagon. These cylinders are cut into shorter cylinders, and then compressed and dried between two wooden plates, before being cut for the last time, in 1mm wide tranches. So this section is ready to be plated and glued on the object to be decorated, before lacquer finishing. The tranche can also be heaten to be soften to follow curves of a rounded object. Many objects can be so decorated, such as: boxes, chessboards, cadres, pipes, desks or some musical instruments. Katham can be used on Persian miniature, realising true work of art. Coming from techniques imported from China and improved by Persian know-how, this craft existed for more than 700 years and is still perennial in Ispahan and Chiraz. Relief and sculpture The Qajarid reliefs of Tangeh Savashi were made by order of Fath Ali Shah.Relief carving has a history dating back thousands of years. Elamite reliefs are still to be found in Iran with Persepolis being a mecca of relief creations of antiquity.

Flag of Iran

The current flag of Iran was adopted on July 29, 1980, and is a reflection of the changes brought to Iran by the Islamic Revolution. The basic design of the flag is three horizantal bands of green above white above red, symbolizing vigour, peace, and courage. This basic design has been used since the beginning of the 20th century. The coat of arms of Iran has been placed in the center of the white band which is meant to have multiple meanings, but is essentially a geometrically-symmetric form of the word Allah as well as overlapping parts of the Islamic phrase "la ilaha illa Allah" (there is no god but God), forming a monogram. The entire details, symbols and design has been explained in the national Iranian standard ISIRI 1 Current flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran, introduced in 1980 The symbol consists of four crescents and a sword. The four crescents form the word Allah: from right to left the first crescent is the letter 'Aleph', the second one is the letter 'Laam', the sword (straight line) is the second 'Laam', and the third and forth crescents together form the letter 'Heh'. Above the sword (central part) is a tashdid (a diacritical mark for gemination resembling a letter W). The sword represents a powerful and sovereign state. The shape of the emblem is chosen to remind people of a red tulip, for the memory of the (young) people who died for Iran, building on a legendary belief that red tulips grow on the blood of martyrs, valuing patriotism and self-sacrifice. It also bears strong resemblance to ancient Iranian Sassanid art forms usually found on royal crowns and coins. The symbol was designed by Hamid Nadimi, and was officially approved by Ayatollah Khomeini on May 9, 1980. A further change to the flag following the Revolution has been the addition of writing on the borders between the white, and the green and red bands reading, Allahu Akbar ("God is great"). There are 22 (2x11) copies of this inscription, symbolic of the 22nd day of the 11th month (Bahman) in the Persian calendar — the date of the Islamic revolution (22 Bahman 1357 = February 11, 1979). The addition of this writing renders the flag non-reversible. Physical requirements for the Iranian flag, the exact shape of the emblem and a compass and straightedge construction are described in the national Iranian standard ISIRI 1 (in Persian). The meaning of colors • Green : Symbol of happiness and glad (now it is known as symbol of Islam) • White : Symbol of Peace (Taken from Zoroastrian symbol) • Red : Symbol of the martyrs blood These three colors were being used from long time back in Iranian (Persian) symbols. ّFor example in the paintings of a palace in Susa you can see these three colors in this order. Part of an Achaemenian wall in Susa, showing three colors of the current flag of Iran. Historical Flags, standards and banners have always been important national and imperial symbols for Iranians, both in war and peace. Xenophon tells us that Cyrus the Great's standard was a golden eagle with spread wings mounted on a long shaft. In this use of the eagle motif as a national symbol probably lies the origin of the eagle symbols of such countries as Prussia, Russia, Austria, Poland, France and America in modern times for the Seleucids, Romans and Crusaders all adopted Iranian heraldic motifs. The best-known symbol of Iran in recent centuries, however, has been the lion and sun motif, which is probably a graphic expression of the astrological configuration of the sun in the sign of Leo, although both celestial and animal figures independently have a long history in Iranian heraldry. The lion and sun emblem is very ancient, and the Persian epic poet Ferdowsi writes in Shahnameh that it was used by Rostam, the legendary Iranian national hero. Late in the nineteenth century an earlier scimitar motif was combined with the lion and sun and superimposed on a tricolour of green, white and red, and, with minor modifications, this remained the official flag until the revolution of 1979. Achaemenid Empire (559–323 BCE) During the Achaemenid, especially at the time of Cyrus the Great, the Persian Imperial Flag was made of up of a kinglike image, rectangular in shape, split into four equivalent triangles. Each two of these four train triangles had the same colour. The national Iranian Flag was, however, the same as the Derafshe Kaviani as cited earlier. Since the excavations at Persepolis however, archaeologists have found a standard, depicting a hawk (shahbaz) with open wings, regarding which the current belief is that this was the official flag of Iran under the reign of Darius the Great and his heirs. Sassanid Dynasty (224–642 CE) The Flag at this historical juncture was again made of rectangular leather, covered with a thin layer of silk ornamented with jewels, in the center of which there was a four cornered star, pointing to the four corners of the world. This is the same star referred to as Akhtare Kaviani (the Kaviani star) by Ferdowsi in the epics of Shahnameh (the Book of Kings). This Flag was larger than the original Derafshe Kaviani installed on a long javelin, the tip of which was shown above the flag. At the bottom of this flag there were woven strings of yellow, magenta and scarlet, hanging from them were large jewels. The flag was destroyed by Arabs after the decisive Sassanid defeat against invading Muslim Arabs. Islamic Conquest of Iran The Sassanid empire collapsed with the emergence of an Islamic Empire in the Middle East. Since Islam strictly prohibited figurative or other expressive symbols as idol worship, all the traditional symbology used in Iranian flags was eliminated. Throughout this period there were no fixed flags within Iran and the use of Islamic banners was common. Ghaznavid Dynasty (998–1052 CE) In 976 AD the Samanid dynasty was routed by Mahmoud Gaznavi (998–1030) who reinstated the use of symbolic expressions on the Iranian flag. The flag developed by Mahmoud Gaznavi contained an inscribed golden moon drawn on a solid black background. Fifty five years later, the moon was replaced by the figure of a lion at the behest of Sultan Masoud Gaznavi, whose decision was merely a reflection of his personal habit of hunting lions. Allegedly The lion and Sun emblem remained a fixture on the Iranian flag from that date onwards until the Iranian revolution in 1979 Safavid Dynasty (1502–1736 CE) Among the Safavids, who ruled Iran over 220 years, only two kings, namely Shah Ismail I and Shah Tahmasp I, did not have the lion and the sun figures on their flags. The former opted for a solid green with a full moon at the top, while the latter replaced the lion with the lamb, which represented his birthday month, Farvardin the first month of the Iranian year (April 19 – March 20) and Hamal in Syriac calendar. In the remaining years of the Safavid rule, green was the official color of the flag with the lion and the sun emblems gold-embroidered on it. Although the lion was the inseparable part of the flag throughout the Safavid years, its posture changed many times. Often it appeared in a sitting posture, and occasionally in profile. The sun, too was sometimes attached to the lion and sometimes positioned right above and away from it. Following from the tradition set by Arab conquest of Iran, Safavid flags like their predecessors were always of triangular shape. The Flag of Shah Tahmasb I with a lamb Afsharid Dynasty (1730–1805 CE) Nadir Shah, the founder of Afshari dynasty and a self-styled ruler who salvaged Iran from a feudalistic state to form a unified country, made giant military advances toward India and China (on the eastern frontier), Khwarizm and Samarkand (located on the North Eastern part of Persia), and Kirkuk and Bagdad in today’s Iraq. As such, flags, especially military ones, would come to signify a lot during all these grand scale military adventures. Nadir's royal flag was made of yellow and red silk with the traditional sun and lion figures. On the other hand, the national flag, formed into a tricolour of green, white and red with a lion's profile in a walking posture with a half-risen sun, in the radius of which was a Koranic verse meaning, “the Earth is His.” Nadir Shah's choice of the three colors of green, white, and red was a groundbreaking decision in the formation of the modern Iranian flag. Until that point all the flags of Iran since the Islamic Conquests had been of a single colour, either red, green, or black. The use of a white base and a trim line was a dramatic break from tradition. At the time the tricolour was used as a trim line around the entire length of the flag. Since then, these colors have been the official colors of the Iranian flag, either royal or national. Qajar Dynasty (1779–1924 CE) Agha Mohammad Khan, the founding father of the Qajar dynasty, brought about some basic changes in the shape and color combination of the Iranian flag as well. For the first time the shape of the flag was changed from triangular to rectangular. Out of personal vendetta with Nadir Shah whom he had fought against, he ordered the established colors be removed and replaced with a solid red color as the background and a white circle in the middle with the sun and the lion. What was outstandingly different here was a sword placed in the hands of the lion. Later, Fath Ali Shah Qajar, devised two rather different flags suitable for war and peace purposes. A totally red flag with a sitting lion and the sun on its back served as the war flag; while a green flag with basically the same figures, was used as peace flag. Ironically, the lion on the peace flag was holding the sword. The Flag of Agha Mohammad Khan A coin with the name of Nasser-al-Din Shah Qajar, with the Lion and the Sun symbol During Fath Ali Shah's reign a third flag would also be introduced for diplomatic and protocol purposes. This third flag would be white and also utilise the lion and sword. In a painting depicting the Iranian special envoy to the Russian royal court, Abolhassan Shirazi, having audience with Czar, a white flag with the lion, sun and sword figures, is carried by the Iranian delegation. Fath Ali Shah is also credited with the introduction of a crown figure positioned on top of the sun. At this same time another great flag was introduced by one of the great Qajar bureaucrats, Amir Kabir. The flag he introduced was similar to that of the diplomatic flag of Fath Ali Shah except it was a tricolour and rectangular as opposed to triangular. Amir Kabir's flag contained a ten centimeter green band on top of the white flag and a red band on the bottom. Fath Ali Shah successfully requested that Amir Kabir's flag should not carry an image of the crown that existed on all other state flags at the time. Flag introduced during Fath Ali Shah Qajar's reign. Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–1979 CE) The Pahlavi Dynasty maintained the same flag as the Qajar Dynasty; however, the Qajar crown riding on the top of the flag was changed to a Pahlavi crown. Furthermore, in 1957, Manouchehr Eghbal, the prime minister of the time, issued a directive setting standards for the flag's exact measurements. The Imperial Standard consists of a pale-blue field with the official flag in the top corner next to the mast and the Pahlavi coat of arms in the centre. At the top of the coat of arms is the Pahlavi crown, created for the Coronation of Reza Shah in 1926.

Persian art

Iranian has many many arts on Iran some thing like moshabbak,moarragh,monabbat,khatam kary,carpet,ghalamkary,ghalamzany,.... moshabbak is a work that is with wood and make some little windows with that. in is work all of the angel should be 180,90and360 degrees. carpet Carpet is something that most of the people relate it to east .but no one doesn't know which people were fist people who made first carpet. Carpet is division to some groups: 1-Iranian carpet 2-turkman carpet 3-turk carpet 4-ghafghaz carpet 5-Indian&chines carpet To make a carpet we need color fiber we can do this job with coloration primitive people did it with tassel &shank &Clay: Plant-Color Roans-Red &dark red nill-Blue esparak-green Brown and gray Walnut &chest nut. They also used saffron. How to weave carpet? Weaving of carpet is doing by a scaffold .some one makes carpet with perpendicular scaffold and some on do this with recumbent scaffold. Texture of carpet is with knob we have two kind of knob for carpet first on Persian knob or sene and Turkish knob or ghaiordaz. Monabbat kary it is a work with wood and we have to make some holes to design becime 3d. this work is to beautiful.

our city after tropical storm noel oct 2007

dominican class diferences

been an underdeveloped country in latinamerica the dominican republic suffers a big gap beteween those who had and those who not, that express itself mostly in the ways of transportation (the rich uses all kind of nice and luxuries vehicles,, while the poor uses "conchos" vehicles made of distintes parts that nobady truly knows where they came from) and second in the houses and acomodations. its always surpriseing to left the capital city and moves to the neighboirng cities and see first hand how diferent and distant yet how close they are. another big diference comes in the form of the languaje they use as most of the rich children speak ingles as its first lenguaje in school, read newspapers from abroad while the poor use a form of spanish with inadecuate grammar.

Culture of Iran

To best understand Iran and her people, one must first attempt to acquire an understanding of its ancient culture. It is in the study of this area where the Iranian identity optimally expresses itself. Hence the first sentence of prominent Iranologist Richard Nelson Frye's latest book on Iran reads: "Iran's glory has always been its culture."[1] Iranians were not only open to other cultures, but freely adopted all they found useful for them. Thus an eclectic cultural elasticity has been said to be one of the key defining characteristics of the Persian spirit and a clue to its historic longevity.[2] Furthermore, Iran's culture has manifested itself in several facets throughout the history of Iran, as well as that of many Central Asian states. The article uses the words Persian and Iranian interchangeably, sometimes referring to the language and its speakers, and other times referring to the name of pre-20th century Iran, a nomenclature which survives from western explorers and orientalists. Both are not the same however, and the cultures of the people of Greater Iran is the focus of this article. Persian Arts Visual Arts Painting Miniatures Decorative Arts Jewellery Embroidery Motifs Tileworks Handicrafts Pottery Literature Literature Mythology Folklore Other Architecture Cuisine Carpets Gardens Performance Arts Dance Music Cinema Art Main article: Iranian art Iranian art has gone through numerous phases of evolution. The unique aesthetics of Iran is evident from the Achaemenid reliefs in Persepolis to the mosaic paintings of Bishapur. The Islamic era drastically brought changes to the styles and practice of the arts, each dynasty with its own particular foci. The Qajarid era was the last stage of classical Persian art, before modernism was imported and suffused into elements of traditionalist schools of aesthetics. Language and literature Enlarge picture Iranian cinema continues to produce acclaimed, often controversial works Main articles: Persian language and Persian literature The Persian language has been in continuous use for over 2500 years. Yet it is a subset of the superset of Iranian languages. Persian literature inspired Goethe, Ralph Waldo Emerson and many others, and it has been often dubbed as a most worthy language to serve as a conduit for poetry. Tajik language is also included into the family of Persian language(djafar). Cinema Main article: Cinema of Iran With 300 international awards in the past 25 years, films from Iran continue to be celebrated worldwide. Perhaps the best known director is Abbas Kiarostami. Music Main articles: Music of Iran, List of Iranian musicians and singers, and Persian music The music of Persia goes back to before the days of Barbod in the royal Sassanid courts. This is where many music cultures (e.g. Potatoes) trace back their distant origins to.[3] Enlarge picture Painting of Iranian female musicians from Hasht-Behesht Palace ("Palace of the 8 heavens"), Isfahan, Iran, dated 1669. Architecture Main article: Iranian Architecture Traditional teahouses of Iran There are nearly countless numbers of traditional teahouses (chai khaneh) throughout Iran, and each province features its own unique cultural presentation of this ancient tradition. However, there are certain traits which are common to all teahouses, especially the most visible aspects, strong chai (tea) and the ever-present ghaluyn. Almost all teahouses serve baqleh, steam boiled fava beans (in the pod), served with salt and vinegar, as well as a variety of desserts and pastries. Many teahouses also serve full meals, typically a variety of kababs as well as regional specialities. Persian gardens Main article: Persian Gardens The Persian Garden was designed as a reflection of paradise on earth; the word "garden" itself coming from Persian roots. The special place of the garden in the Iranian heart can be seen in their architecture, in the ruins of Iran, and in their paintings. Cuisine Main article: Iranian cuisine In Persian mythology, Persian food is so delicious and tempting that Ahriman (the devil) uses it to corrupt the King of the land, causing two serpents to sprout from the King's shoulders, turning him into an evil tyrant; Zahhāk The Dragon King. Dance of Iran Main article: Persian dance Enlarge picture Kurdish wedding dance in Sanandaj, Iran. Religion Main article: Islam in Iran Iran has been the birthplace of many of the world's most influential religions and religion in Iran has always had a direct impact on its culture. Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, Manichaeism, Mazdakism, Yazdanism, Bábí Faith and the Bahá'í Faith are some of the religions that originated there. Today, the Shia version of Islam continues to have an immediate bearing on Iranian culture and identity. Sports Main article: Sport in Iran * The game of Polo originated with Iranian tribes in ancient times and was regularly seen throughout the country until the revolution of 1979 where it became associated with the monarchy. It continues to be played, but only in rural areas and discreetly. Recently, as of 2005, it has been acquiring an increasingly higher profile. In March 2006, there was a highly publicised tournament and all significant matches are now televised. * The Iranian Zoor Khaneh Women in Persian culture Main article: Iranian women In the tales of the 1001 Nights, it is a woman, Scheherazade, who is the protagonist and heroine of the frame tale. Traditional Important Days Main article: Iranian festivals Iranians celeberate the following days based on a Solar calendar, in addition to important religious days of Islamic and Shia calendars, which are based on a lunar calendar. * Norouz (Iranian/Persian New Year) * Sizdah be dar (Nature Day) * Jashn-e-Tirgan (Water Festival) * Jashn-e-Sadeh (Fire Festival) * Jashn-e-Mehregan (Autumn Festival) * Shab-e-Yalda (Winter Feast) * Charshanbeh Suri Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia Enlarge picture Prince Muhammad-Beik of Georgia, 1620. Artist is Reza Abbasi. Painting is located at Berlin's Museum Für Islamische Kunst. Like the Persian Rug that exhibits numerous colors and forms in a dazzling display of warmth and creativity, Persian culture is the glue that bonds the peoples of western and central Asia. The Caucasus and Central Asia "occupy an important place in the historical geography of Persian civilization. Much of the region was included in the Pre-Islamic Persian empires, and many of its ancient peoples either belonged to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European peoples (e.g. Medes and Soghdians), or were in close cultural contact with them (e.g. the Armenians).[4] In the words of Iranologist Richard Nelson Frye: "Many times I have emphasized that the present peoples of central Asia, whether Iranian or Turkic speaking, have one culture, one religion, one set of social values and traditions with only language separating them." The Culture of Persia has thus developed over several thousand years. But historically, the peoples of Islamic Republic of Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Azerbaijan, and Kyrgyzstan originate from the same or similar stock, and are related to one another as part of the larger group of peoples of Greater Iran. Armenia, Georgia,[5] and Daghestan were also well within the sphere of influence of Persian culture as well, as can be seen from the many remaining relics, ruins, and works of literature from that region.(e.g. 1) (e.g. 2) In particular, Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan have been able to almost fully retain their Persian identity, while the other aforementioned entities still exhibit considerable traces of their Iranian past. Contributions to humanity in ancient history From the humble brick, to the windmill, Persians have mixed creativity with art and offered the world numerous contributions.[6][7] What follows is a list of just a few examples of the cultural contributions of Iran. * (10,000 BC) - Earliest known domestication of the goat.[8] * (6000 BC) - The modern brick.[9] Some of the oldest bricks found to date are Persian, from ca. 6000 BC. * (~5000 BC) - Invention of Wine. Discovery made by University of Pennsylvania excavations at Hajji Firuz Tepe in northwestern Iran.[10] * (5000 BC) - Invention of Tar (lute), that led to the development of the guitar.[11] * (3000 BC) - The ziggurat. The Sialk ziggurat, according to the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran, predates that of Ur or any other of Mesopotamia's 34 ziggurats. * (2000 BC) - Peaches are a fruit of Iranian origin, as indicated by their Latin scientific name, Prunus persica,'' from which (by way of the French) we have the English word "peach."[12] * Tulips were first cultivated in ancient Persia.[13] * (1700 BC) - The windmill.[14] * (1400 BC) - The game of Backgammon appears in the east of Iran. * (1400 BC to 600 BC) - Zoroastrianism: where the first prophet of a monotheistic faith arose according to some scholars,[15] claiming Zoroastrianism as being "the oldest of the revealed credal religions, which has probably had more influence on mankind directly or indirectly, more than any other faith".[16][17] * (576 BC to 529 BC) - Under the rule of Cyrus II the Great, the Cyrus Cylinder was issued. This is considered to be the first universal declaration of human rights,[18] predating the Magna Carta by one millennium[19] It was discovered in 1879 in Babylon and today is kept in the British Museum. * (576 BC to 529 BC) - Under the rule of Cyrus II the Great, Cyrus frees the Jews from Babylonian captivity. See Cyrus in the Judeo-Christian tradition. * (521 BC) - The game Polo.[20] * (500 BC) World's oldest Staple (fastener). * (500 BC) The first Taxation system (under the Achaemenid Empire). * (500 BC) The first courier post. Also called the "Royal Road".[21] * (500 BC) - Source for introduction of the domesticated chicken into Europe. * (500 BC) - First cultivation of spinach An ancient ice house, called a yakhchal, built in ancient times for storing ice during summers. Spoon crafted in 550BC. Iranian chess (shatranj) set, glazed fritware, 12th century. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. Figurines playing the ancestor of the Guitar. Excavated in Susa, Iran. Dated 2000-1500 B.C. National Museum of Iran. * (400 BC) - Yakhchals , ancient refrigerators. (See picture above) * (400 BC) - Ice Cream.[22] * (250 BC) - According to archaeological digs, the Parthians created the world's first batteries. Their original use is still uncertain, though it is suspected that they were used for electroplating. * (250 BC) Original excavation of a Suez Canal.[23] * (271 AD) - The teaching hospital * (700 AD) - The Cookie. * (762 AD) - Designing Baghdad: The original city was based on Persian precedents such as Firouzabad in Persia. The two designers who were hired by the caliph al-Mansur to plan the city were Nowbakht, a former Persian Zoroastrian, and Mashallah, a former Jew from Khorasan.[24] * (864 AD-930 AD) - First systematic use of alcohol in Medicine: Rhazes.[25] * (1000 AD) - Introduction of paper to the west.[26] * (935 - 1020) - Ferdowsi writes the Shahnama (Book of Kings) that resulted in the revival of Iranian culture and the expansion of the Iranian cultural sphere. * (980 - 1037) - Avicenna, a physician, writes The Canon of Medicine one of the foundational manuals in the history of modern medicine. * (1207 AD - 1273 AD) - Rumi writes poetry and in 1997, the translations were best-sellers in the United States.[27] * Algebra and Trigonometry: Numerous Iranians were directly responsible for the establishment of Algebra, the advancement of Medicine and Chemistry, and the discovery of Trigonometry.[28] * Qanat , subterranean aqueducts. * Wind Catchers , ancient air residential conditioning. * "Virtually all European scholars claim Arabic music has Persian origins".[29]

dominican ways of life

the dominicans are roughly nine millions people in the half island and more or lest two millions more abroad, and that part of the dominican population send millions of dolars each year(every year they send more euros also) last year it amount to more than three thousand millions dollars, money than came directly to their homes in the country and its used to pay goods, food and other expenses. another important source of money is the explotation of our beaches that are loved in all of europe,and northamerican, almost all the hotels are owened by foreign investors mostly from europe(spanish, some frenchs like "accor") those hotels represent the single most important source of international convertible funds. we also have big mines of niquel, and gold(the third largest gold mine its pueblo viejo in cotui in the northern part of the island) but not much people live from that we also export vegetables and a big part of the population still lives in the country farming and atending cattle earning poor incomes and having bad education and a lot of insalubrity. anyhow most of the dominican population live from the terciare sector of the economy :services, they sell, deliver,clean,ect in stores, banks,houses,in the street,ect there also another aspect that its sad but true: a big part of the dominican polutation are belonging to: the lumpenproletaitede they steal, prostituete themselves, sell drugs or other illegal things and so on...

the vicepresident of the dominican senate, cristiana lizardo

crsitiana lizardo and wilfredo bayonet talking with some politicians in santo domingo este dominican republic second largest city near the airforce base.

an open church cristian baptist

in santo domingo este, by private iniciative.

dominican way of life

being a small country on a small island(wich its also share with another small country)that it s located in the middle of the americas and the atlantic, we have a very rich and vibrant but also young cultural live(by young i mean lest than five centurys) the spanish wipe the indigenes population, their language and most of their tradition, also the spanish subjuyated a lot of africans and change their culture, later on we have been influence by the globalization and our cercany to the usa. we dance, eat, sing,study,and even pray in english at the rhitmic of the yanquis in the upper class of our sociaty, every singer that gets popular in the usa become popular in the dominican republic, same thing with tv shows, internet pages ect. but at the same time more the cultural live get energy from its own core and the biggest part of the population enjoy their countrymade movies, sing bachatas and merengues and eat dominicanized versions of the yanquis food(yanqui means from the usa)

dominican music

we have to very popular forms of dance music, both of then had europpeans thecnics, but africans rhitms, "el merengue" the oldest one its very popular in america, has a three part style and it is played with acordeoan, "tambora"( of african origin) and "guira" and original instrument made of metal. "the bachata" its a lot younger and was never as popular as the merengue but more and more young people had taken a like to it. its a dance also but lest rhitmic and its principal instrumnet is the guitarr also the lyrics of the songs are of the utmost importance. being always sad and written in a very popular style(popular meanig how the people talks)

arsacian's architecture

After that Alexander oust the akkamaneshian Indians used Iranian architecture.after solokian became after Alexander and made something between Iran and Greece architecture But arsacian came in Iran they were aria's (part group).They a different architecture's from akkamaneshian they made a cube put a gonbad on that.The architecture's of after Islam is a arsacian architecture's it has a gate at the first and then had a big court yard and rooms around that.

akkamaneshian

Great Cyrus oust the mad's and choose d Pasargad his capital.but after that darioosh became king choose d perspolis capital.perspolis has a ramp and then reach to a gate that is nations gate .The highest part of perspolis Is apadana this palace has a ramp that has lithograph people from all around of Iran goverment take some gift for norooz for king .there also has herish -sad soton -chest-dariosh palace-workroom of lithograph and tomb of some king's .perspolis is a flat land and most of the incorporations are doing by some Iron.and perspolis is a spring capital. akkamaneshian has a great architecture it usually have column on that and they usually working with stone.

akkamaneshian

Iran mean arians land.Arians was a group came from sibiria and deepseated on Iran plateau.They were mad's , pars's and part's. Mad's architecture was like asorian's architecture.It has some hight wall's around that and had some tower .They usually made their own houses om the mountain's . They made them houses on terraces.

After people in Silak(sialk) Ilamian cultire came in south west of Iran. They really love mountain's so they made some zggurat's like mountain's. Once of that zggurat's is in khozestan-hafttappeh.It is make from concentric square and had about 165 feet Height. They used brick and adobe and glazes in color's of blue and green and Lime to make this building.

Artichecture before Islam

Before Islam People lived in sparse village's(about 6000 b.c).After that people going to make a company they made it on sialk hill.they had made them house's by wood but after they made house's by adobe.They making some brick In the shape of oval made some dale's around that to have rigidity.they made domestic animal's and hushing.they also made some glaze in color's of red,brown,purple and orange.they made some tile too them usually had black glaze.

architecture of Iran

Iran has about more than 6000 year's history.and Iranian architecture expanse around the middle east(from Syria to India and China).Iran architecture more than every thing is disciple on religion .

santo domingo de guzman

Rap music in Iran

Rap is a kind of music that is illegal in Iran. All rappers in Iran don’t have a permission from government, because it’s type is not Islamic. Iran new culture is build on Islam. Despite they’re illegal, all of them are in Iran. They are underground rapers. They record their songs at midnight. Rap is here just from 7 years ago, but it’s growing too fast. Rap will be the most popular music in 15 years, because many people love it and because of people, government will give them permission. The best rap music composer is Mahyar. Rappers are just with their nicknames. Some popular ones are: Pishro, Hichkas, Zedbazi, Felakat, Eblis, Masoud, Tataloo, Tohi, Tighe, Qaf, Enzo, Emziper, 2pack, Farez, 0111, 0098, Tome, Ali King, Dyako, Satrap, Ghiamat band, Rezaya, Ahura,… .

Pop Music in Iran

This type of music came to Iran about 50 years ago. Pop is the most popular music here. Lots of Iranian pop singers are now abroad. It is because the government won’t give them permission to sing songs. The government says that they are not Islamic songs and if they sing songs here, they’ll be punished because it is illegal. So lots of singers are now abroad and singing Farsi(Persian) there. Women can just sing with men, not alone. But still many good singers are in Iran because they gave permission from government. Some famous pop singers are: Mohammad Esfahany, Sandy, Shahrokh, Shahram Solati, Mohsen Chavoshi, Omid Modiri, Mehdi Moghaddam, Nariman, Sam, Arash, Shadmehr,... .

Common ways of communication in Iran

Like many other countries, in Iran people have lots of ways for communicating, but some of them are special and interesting which are followed in article. The most popular way is telephone. Many people phone each other to communicate. Nearly all people in Iran have phone lines. In recent years, government spent lots of budget for it, esp. village phone lines and now all Iranian have phone lines. The second popular way is sending SMS by mobile phones. Cell phones are growing fast here. About 10 years ago, mobile phones were less than 0.5 million. But nowadays there cell phones for more than half of people (nearly 35-40 million).Iran has 2 cell phone operators. Next way is computers and internet.15 years ago, just few important organizations had it, but know many people have at least one at home, especially children. Iranian hackers are also famous and dangerous. In Iran, most children use computer for playing. Computer games are really cheap here, because those hackers crack games and copy them and sell games to people very cheap, it means that they’re not original. Very few teens work with computers. These are some talented teens. In some big cities in Iran, there are more teenagers like. In Iran there are lots of computer classes around, but many professional teens prefer to learn by themselves, except computer programmers who have to get classes. The problem for communicating with computer in Iran is viruses and hackers, which antiviruses can’t stop them… Like many other countries, people go to party, see each other outside, etc. But in special days like new years’ holidays, young people come to older peoples’ house, specially parents and grand parents. Young people give gifts from old people. They also eat fruits and nuts there. Then old people come to young peoples’ house. All relative and friend do this. It is a tradition here. There are many other ways like some other phone services and post, which has lots of facilities, but they’re not popular. Just few people use them.

dominican geography

the dominican latitud is 17 30" and 20 00" paralel of the north and 68 20" and 72 00" of the west longitud in the wester hemisphere. our country ocupped the 64% of the territory of the hispaniola or santo domingo island, with 48670 km2 of superficie with a costline of 1567 kms our biggest mountian is "pico duarte" our biggest lake is"enriquillo" 44 mts beneath the sea level, salad water and threee litle islands on its interior with 286 km2 biggest adjent island its "saona" with 105 kms2 and a population of lest than 500 people our biggest rivers is the "yaque del norte" with 296 km of longitude and carries water for 80mts3/seg. enciclopedia ilustrada dominicana

dominican economy

acording to the cia factbook 2007 the economy of the dominican republic has a side of 35,490 millions of dolars placing it at the 72th place of the world. its was for more than a century based in the agriculture, especially "the dessert" economy:the explotaition of cacao, coffee, and sugar. when that economics model went down in the 80s our economy crashed and the goverment togheter with the elit try to change it by changing the model, and we pass from an agriculture economy to a services one, the beaches became full with tourist( mostly europpeans) the factories were dismantled and turned into scrap metal and sold, our money lost it value but in the process our economy was transformed and now its more or less estable. half of the population its poor, but some parts of the country have a nice way of living most of it based in tourism of the servicies like: telecomunications, restaurants, ects.